Keldysh formalism

In condensed matter physics, the Keldysh formalism is a general framework for describing the quantum mechanical evolution of a system in a non-equilibrium state, e.g. in the presence of time varying fields (electrical field, magnetic field etc.). The main mathematical object in the Keldysh formalism is the non-equilibrium Green's function.

Kubo-Keldysh formalism

Schwinger-Keldysh formalism

Landauer-Buttiker-Keldysh formalism

See also

• Spin Hall effect
• Kondo effect

References

1. Introduction to the Keldysh Formalism
2. Introduction to the Keldysh Formalism and Applications to Time-Dependent Density-Functional theory
3. Introduction to the Keldysh Nonequilibrium Green Function Technique (pdf) By A. P. Jauho
4. Application of the Keldysh Formalism to Quantum Device Modeling and Analysis (pdf) By Roger Lake